Secondly, any free calcium carbonates that are either abraded from the Tribochemical Film or dissociated from the complex, become active alkaline that boost further the TBN reserves in the oil.

Thirdly, the calcium petroleum sulfonates are polar molecules. The sulfonate pole of the molecule bonds to the metals during hydrodynamic lubrication while its light petroleum end, an alkylate, forms the contact with the oil, forming a secondary film that provides a lower coefficiency of friction between itself and the oil film. This has tremendous implication on the governing coefficient of friction of the oil in a hydrodynamic regime. This is especially significant in heavy duty engines. Lower coefficient of friction, of course, would mean reduced energy consumption and improved fuel economy.